Abstract Mitochondrial molecular markers (DNA sequences of D-loop, cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I) were employed to characterize populations of the piranha Serrasalmus maculatus from Upper Paraná, Upper Paraguay and Tocantins River basins. D-loop sequences of S. maculatus population from Paraná-Paraguay River basin exhibited tandem repeats of short motifs (12 base pairs) and variable numbers depending on specimens, accounting for length variation. Concatenated mitochondrial sequences suggested that S. maculatus encompasses different mitochondrial DNA lineages. Although sampling was restricted to three river basins, phylogenetic analysis clearly indicated that the species currently recognized as S. maculatus presents high genetic variability. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis clustered S. maculatus populations according to their locations. However, the highest genetic differentiation was identified between populations from Paraná-Paraguay system and Tocantins River basin. Three species delimitation analyses (PTP, GMYC, and ABGD) suggested that there are at least two species among the analyzed populations. The analysis of the mitochondrial sequences evidenced genetic differentiation among populations corresponding to related, but different species, suggesting that at least S. maculatus from the Tocantins River and Paraná-Paraguay River basins are most likely different species. Therefore, S. maculatus should be considered a species complex with morphologically cryptic diversity. An integrative revision is suggested.

This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability of B. orbignyanus in cultivated and natural populations of the Upper Paraná River, using molecular RAPD markers and mtDNA control region. Specimens were collected in the Paraná River and in the Piracema fish farm in Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil. RAPD primers produced 82 loci with consistent expression. The population from the Paraná River showed 28 polymorphic loci, whereas the population from the fish farm presented only 12. Data revealed genetic differentiation between the two populations, although not very pronounced. These results were corroborated by the principal coordinate analysis and by neighbor-joining clustering. The alignment of the D-loop sequences of B. orbignyanus indicated the existence of polymorphism only in the natural population. These data could be helpful for the formulation of management strategies and conservation of the genetic diversity of the species.

A divergência genética entre 14 cultivares de mandioca-de-mesa foi estimada mediante o uso de caracteres morfoagronômicos e de marcadores moleculares RAPD. As análises de agrupamento de Tocher e do Vizinho Mais Próximo foram efetuadas. As cultivares mais divergentes foram Pão e Guaíra, Fécula Branca e Pão, e Pão e Caipira, enquanto as mais similares foram Fécula Branca e Branca 1, Branca 3 e Branca 1, e Guaíra e Branca 1. O coeficiente de Jaccard indicou que as cultivares mais similares foram Guaíra e Quarenta Quilos, enquanto as mais dissimilares foram Branca 3 e Amarela da Rama Cinza. A análise de divergência indicou que cruzamentos promissores deveriam ser efetuados entre as cultivares Branca 3, Pão, Amarela 1, Fécula Branca e Amarela 2 pela alta divergência genética, características agronômicas e culinárias favoráveis, e resistência à doenças de parte de pelo menos um dos parentais envolvidos no cruzamento.

In this work the genetic divergence among 14 sweet cassava cultivars was estimated by their morphological agronomic traits and RAPD molecular markers. The Tocher cluster analysis and the Nearest Neighbor Method were applied. The most dissimilar cultivars were Pão and Guaíra, Fécula Branca and Pão, and Pão and Caipira, while the most similar cultivar were the Fécula Branca and Branca 1, Branca 3 and Branca 1, and Guaíra and Branca 1. The Jaccard's coefficient showed that the most similar cultivars were Guaíra and Quarenta Quilos, while the most dissimilar were Branca 3 and Amarela da Rama Cinza. The divergence analysis indicated that promising crosses could be made between the Branca 3 cultivar and the Pão, Amarela 1, Fécula Branca and Amarela 2 cultivars for the high genetic divergence, favorable agronomic and culinary traits, and disease resistance on the part of at least one of the parents involved in the cross.